Abteilung Psychologie

2025

Wiegand, I., van Pouderoijen, M., Oosterman, J. M., Deckers, K., & Horstmann, G. (2025). Contributions of distractor dwelling, skipping, and revisiting to age differences in visual search. Scientific Reports, 15 (1), 1801. Link, PDF

Horstmann, G. (2025). The overestimation of gaze for horizontal, vertical, and diagonal fixation points. Perception, 54(1), 57-64. Link, PDF

2024

Dietze, N., Horstmann, G., & Poth, C. H. (2024). Alerting effects require the absence of surprise. Acta Psychologica, 245, 104239. Link

Linke, L. & Horstmann, G. (2024). Differences in the perception of direct gaze between the externally and the internally rotated eye. Perception, 53 (2), 93-109. Link, PDF

Linke, L. & Horstmann, G. (2024). New task–new results? How the gaze cone is influenced by the method of measurement. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 86(7), 1800–1815. Link

Horstmann, G., & Schützwohl, A. (2024). Surprise. In A. Scarantino (Ed.), Emotion Theory: The Routledge Comprehensive Guide: Volume II: Theories of Specific Emotions and Major Theoretical Challenges (pp. 371-391). London: Routledge. Link

Ernst, D., Horstmann, G., Hulleman, J., & Wolfe, J. (2024). Inattentional blindness for a salient target in visual search: Finding a surprisingly easy target can be surprisingly hard. Journal of Vision, 24(10), 494. Link

2023

Becker, S.I., Grubert, A., Horstmann, G. & Ansorge, U. (2023). Which processes dominate visual search: Bottom-up feature contrast, top-down tuning or trial history? Cognition, 236, 105420. Link, PDF

Horstmann, G., & Linke, L. (2023). Are the directions of both eyes integrated before or after the perception of direct gaze? Evidence from simulated mild strabismus. Perception, 52(10), 712-725. Link, PDF

Horstmann, G., & Linke, L. (2023). The overestimation effect in gaze perception reduces with distance. Journal of Vision, 23(9), 5294. Link

2022

Senkler B, Freymueller J, Lopez Lumbi S, Hornberg C, Schmid H-L, Hennig-Fast K, Horstmann G, Mc Call T. Urbanicity—Perspectives from Neuroscience and Public Health: A Scoping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(1):688. Link

Linke, L., & Horstmann, G. (2022). How vergence influences the perception of being looked at. Perception, 51(11), 789–803. Link, PDF

Toepper M, Gorny F, Schulz P, Horstmann G, Beblo T, et al. (2022) Subconcussive Head Blows in American Football: An underestimated Risk? Journal of Neurology and Neurological Disorders 8(1): 10. PDF

Horstmann, G., & Linke, L. (2022). Perception of direct gaze in a video‑conference setting: The effects of position and size. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 7:67, 1-10. Link, PDF

Van Pouderoijen, M., Horstmann, G., Deckers, K., Oosterman, J., & Wiegand, I. (2022). Distractor rejection in visual search in aging: Happy faces search. In ECVP 2022 Abstracts, 28th August – 1st September 2022, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Perception, 51(Suppl. 1), 146-147. Link

2021

Horstmann, G., & Linke, L. (2021). Examining Gaze Cone Shape and Size. Perception, 50(12), 1056-1065. Link, PDF

2020

Ernst, D., Becker, S., & Horstmann, G. (2020). Novelty competes with saliency for attention. Vision Research, 168:42-52. Link, PDF

Horstmann, G., & Becker, S. (2020). More efficient visual search for happy faces may not indicate guidance, but rather faster distractor rejection: Evidence from eye movements and fixations. Emotion, 20(2), 206-216. Link, PDF

2019

Horstmann, G., Becker, S. I., & Grubert, A. (2019). Dwelling on simple stimuli in visual search. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics. Advance online publication. Link, PDF

Horstmann, G., Ernst, D., & Becker, S. (2019). Dwelling on distractors varying in target-distractor similarity. Acta Psychologica, 198, 102859. Link, PDF

Horstmann, G., & Loth, S. (2019). The Mona Lisa Illusion - Scientists See Her Looking at Them Though She Isn't. I-Perception, 10(1), 1-5. Link, PDF

2018

Ernst, D., & Horstmann, G. (2018). Pure color novelty captures the gaze. Visual Cognition, 26(5),366-381. Link

Loth, S., Horstmann, G., Osterbrink, C., & Kopp, S. (2018). Accuracy of Perceiving Precisely Gazing Virtual Agents. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents (IVA '18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 263–268. Link, PDF

2017

Riechelmann, E., Pieczykolan, A., Horstmann, G., Herwig, A., & Huestegge, L. (2017). Spatio-temporal dynamics of action-effect associations in oculomotor control. Acta Psychologica, 180, 130-136. Link

Reisenzein, R., Horstmann, G., & Schützwohl, A. (2017). The cognitive-evolutionary model of surprise: A review of the evidence. Topics in Cognitive Science, 11(1), 50-74. Link, PDF

Poth, C., & Horstmann, G. (2017). Assessing the monitor warm-up required before a psychological experiment can begin. The Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 13(3), 166-173. Link, PDF

Khalid, S., Horstmann, G., Ditye, T., & Ansorge, U. (2017). Measuring the emotion-specificity of rapid stimulus-driven attraction of attention to fearful faces: Evidence from emotion categorization and a comparison with disgusted faces. Psychological Research, 81(2), 508-523. Link, PDF

Becker, S., Dutt, N., Vromen, J., & Horstmann, G. (2017). The capture of attention and the eyes by emotional photographic faces. Visual Cognition, 25(1-3), 241-261. Link, PDF

Horstmann, G., Becker, S., & Ernst, D. (2017). Dwelling, rescanning, and skipping of distractors explain search efficiency in difficult search better than guidance by the target. Visual Cognition, 25(1-3), 291-305. Link, PDF

2016

Horstmann, G., & Ansorge, U. (2016). Surprise capture and inattentional blindness. Cognition, 157, 237-249 . Link

Horstmann, G., Herwig, A. & Becker, S. (2016). Distractor dwelling, skipping, and revisiting determine target absent performance in difficult visual search. Frontiers in Psychology,7. Link

Horstmann, G., Becker, S., & Ernst, D. (2016). Perceptual salience captures the eyes on a surprise trial. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 78(7), 1889-1900. Link, PDF

Horstmann, G., & Herwig, A. (2016). Novelty biases attention and gaze in a surprise trial. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 78(1), 69-77. Link, PDF

2015

Horstmann, G. (2015). The surprise-attention link: A review. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1339, 106-115. Link, PDF

Schneider, W., Einhäuser, W., & Horstmann, G. (2015). Introduction to competitive visual processing across space and time: Attention, memory, and prediction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1339 , v-viii. Link, PDF

2014

Horstmann, G. & Herwig, A. (2014). Surprise attracts the eyes and binds the gaze. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22(3), 743-749. Link, PDF

Becker, S., Horstmann, G., & Herwig, A. (2014). Eye movement control. Journal of Ophthalmology, 2014 ID: 262541. Link, PDF

Venini, D., Remington, R. W., Horstmann, G., & Becker, S. I. (2014). Centre-of-Gravity fixations in visual search: When looking at nothing helps to find something. Journal of Ophthalmology, 2014 ID: 237812. Link, PDF

2013

Reisenzein, R., Studtmann, M., & Horstmann, G. (2013). Coherence between emotion and facial expression: Evidence from laboratory experiments. Emotion Review, 5(1), 16-23. Link

Schneider, W. X., Einhäuser, W., & Horstmann, G. (2013). Attentional selection in visual perception, memory and action: A quest for cross-domain integration. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 368(1628), ID: 20130053. Link

Savage, R. A., Lipp, O. V., Craig, B. M., Becker, S. I., & Horstmann, G. (2013). In search of the emotional face: Anger versus happiness superiority in visual search. Emotion, 13(4), 758-768. Link, PDF

2012

Horstmann, G., Lipp, O. V., & Becker, S. I. (2012). Of toothy grins and angry snarls - open mouth displays contribute to efficiency gains in search for emotional faces. Journal of Vision, 12(5), 7. Link

2011

Ansorge, U., Horstmann, G., & Scharlau, I. (2011). Top-down contingent feature-specific orienting with and without awareness of the visual input. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 7, 108-119. Link, PDF

Becker, S.I., Horstmann, G., & Remington, R.W. (2011). Perceptual grouping, not emotion, accounts for search asymmetries with schematic faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 37(6), 1739-1757. Link, PDF

Becker, S.I., & Horstmann, G. (2011). Novelty and saliency in attentional capture by unannounced motion singletons. Acta Psychologica, 136(3), 290-299. Link, PDF

Herwig, A., & Horstmann, G. (2011). Action-effect associations revealed by eye movements. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18(3), 531-537. Link, PDF

Horstmann, G. & Becker, S.I. (2011). Evidence for goal-independent attentional capture from validity effects with unexpected novel color cues - a response to Burnham (2007). Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18(3), 512-517. Link, PDF

Horstmann, G., & Ansorge, U. (2011). Compatibility between tones, head movements and facial expressions. Emotion, 11(4), 975-980. Link, PDF

2010

Ansorge, U., Horstmann, G., & Worschech, F. (2010). Attentional capture by masked colour singletons. Vision Research, 50(19), 2015-2027. Link, PDF

Ansorge, U., Horstmann, G., & Scharlau, I. (2010). Top-down contingent attentional capture during feed-forward visual processing. Acta Psychologica, 135(2), 123-126. Link, PDF

Horstmann, G. (2010). Tone-affect compatibility with affective stimuli and affective responses. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63(11), 2239-2250. Link, PDF

Horstmann, G., Becker, S., Bergmann, S., & Burghaus, L. (2010). A reversal of the search asymmetry favouring negative schematic faces. Visual Cognition, 18(7), 981-1016. Link, PDF

2009

Becker, S.I., Ansorge, U., & Horstmann, G. (2009). Can intertrial priming account for the similarity effect in visual search? Vision Research, 49(14), 1738-1756. Link, PDF

Horstmann, G. (2009). Visual search for schematic affective faces: Stability and variability of search slopes with different instances. Cognition & Emotion, 23(2), 355-379. Link, PDF

Horstmann, G. & Ansorge, U. (2009). Visual search for facial expressions of emotions: A comparison of dynamic and static faces. Emotion, 9(1), 29-38. Link, PDF

Becker, S.I. & Horstmann, G. (2009). A feature-weighting account of priming in conjunction search. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 71(2), 258-272. Link, PDF

2008

Horstmann, G. & Becker, S.I. (2008). Attentional effects of negative faces: Top-down contingent or involuntary? Perception & Psychophysics, 70(8), 1416-1434. Link, PDF

Horstmann, G. & Becker, S. (2008). Effects of stimulus onset asynchrony and display duration on implicit and explicit measures of attentional capture by a surprising singleton. Visual Cognition, 16(2), 290-306. Link, PDF

2007

Horstmann, G. (2007). Preattentive face processing: What do visual search experiments with schematic faces tell us? Visual Cognition, 15(7), 799-833. Link, PDF

Ansorge, U. & Horstmann, G. (2007). Preemptive control of attentional capture by colour: Evidence from trial-by-trial analyses and orderings of onsets of capture effects in reaction time distributions. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60(7), 952-975. Link, PDF

2006

Horstmann, G. (2006). On the latency and the duration of the action interruption in surprise. Cognition and Emotion, 20(2), 242-273. Link, PDF

Horstmann, G. (2006). Time course of intended and unintended orienting of attention. Psychological Research, 70(1), 13-25. Link, PDF

Horstmann, G., & Ansorge, U.(2006). Attentional shifts rare singletons. Visual Cognition, 14(3), 295-325. Link, PDF

Horstmann, G. & Bauland, A. (2006). Search asymmetries with real faces: Testing the anger-superiority effect. Emotion, 6(2), 193-207. Link, PDF

Horstmann, G., Borgstedt, K., & Heumann, M. (2006). Flanker effects with faces may depend on perceptual as well as emotional differences. Emotion, 6(1), 28-39. Link, PDF.

Horstmann, G., Scharlau, I., & Ansorge, U. (2006). More efficient rejection of happy than angry face distractors in visual search. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13(6), 1067-1073. Link, PDF

Hegel, F., Spexard, T., Vogt, T., Horstmann, G., & Wrede, B. (2006). Playing a different imitation game: Interaction with an Emphatic Android Robot. 6th IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots, 56-61. Link, PDF

Meyer, W.U. & Horstmann, G. (2006). Emotion. In K. Pawlik (Hrsg.), Handbuch der Psychologie (pp. 231-238). Heidelberg: Springer.

Scharlau, I. & Horstmann, G. (2006). Perceptual latency priming and illusory line motion: Facilitation by gradients of attention? Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 2(1), 87-97. Link, PDF 

Scharlau, I., Ansorge, U., & Horstmann, G. (2006). Latency facilitation in temporal-order judgments: Time course of facilitation as a function of judgment type. Acta Psychologica, 122(2), 129-159. Link, PDF

2005

Horstmann, G. (2005). Attentional capture by an unannounced color singleton depends on expectation discrepancy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31(5), 1039-1060. Link, PDF

Ansorge, U., Horstmann, G., & Carbone, E. (2005). Top-down contingent capture by color: Evidence from RT distribution analyses in a manual choice reaction task. Acta Psychologica, 120(3), 243-266. Link, PDF

Reisenzein, R. und Horstmann, G. (2005). Emotionen. In H. Spada, Lehrbuch Allgemeine Psychologie (pp. 435-500). Bern: Huber.

2003

Horstmann, G. (2003). The psychological refractory period of stopping. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 29(5), 965-981. Link, PDF

Horstmann, G (2003). What do facial expressions convey: Feeling states, behavioral intentions, or action requests? Emotion, 3(2), 150-166. Link, PDF

2002

Horstmann, G. (2002). Evidence for attentional capture by a surprising color singleton in visual search. Psychological Science, 13(6), 499-505. Link, PDF

Horstmann, G. (2002). Facial expressions of emotion: Does the prototype represent central tendency, frequency of instantiation, or an ideal? Emotion, 2(3), 297-305. Link, PDF

2001 and earlier

Horstmann, G. (2001). Judgements of typicality and frequency of facial expressions of emotion. In K. J. Jonas, P. Breuer, B. Schauenberg, & M. Boos (Hrsg.), Perspectives on Internet research: Concepts and Methods.

Schützwohl, A. & Horstmann, G. (1999). Überraschung, Handlungsunterbrechung und Schemarevision. In M. Jerusalem & R. Pekrun (Hrsg.), Emotion, Motivation und Leistung (pp. 65-77). Göttingen: Hogrefe.

Horstmann, G. & Schützwohl, A. (1998). Der Einfluss der Verknüpfungsstärke von Schemaelementen auf die Stärke der Überraschungsreaktion. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 45(3), 203-217. PDF

Wulf, G., Horstmann, G., & Choi, B. (1995). Does mental practice work like physical practice without information feedback? Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 66(3), 262-267. Link

Career

• 2014 Professor at the Psychology Department, Bielefeld University
• Since May 2011: Organizing Assistent to the ZiF Research Group Competition and Priority Control in Mind and Brain
• 2006-2011 Temporary Professorships at the Psychology Departments of the Universities of Erlangen-Nürnberg & Bielefeld, Germany
• 2002-2011 Lecturer (wissenschaftlicher Assistent), Department Psychology, Bielefeld University (C1)

Education

• 2007 Habilitation Degree for Psychology, Bielefeld University, Germany; Habilitation thesis on Action interrruption and orienting of attention elicited by expected and unexpected stimulus changes
• 2001 Dr. phil., Department Psychology, Bielefeld University, Germany; Doctoral thesis on The interrupt function of surprise: A new experimental paradigm and a test of the automaticity hypothesis
• 1996 Diploma study program 'Psychology', Bielefeld University, Germany

Current Administrative Activities

• Head of the MSc Psychology student selection committee
• Coordinater for BSc Psychology Module Perception and Cognition
• Coordinater for BSc Psychology Module Experimental Practicum
• Coordinater for MSc Psychology Module Experimental Seminar
• Coordinater for BSc Cognitive Informatics Module Perception & Cognition
• Coordinater for BSc Sport Sciences Module Neuro-Cognitive Psychology